Clinical and Histopathological Investigation of Pediatric Melanonychia: A Single-Center Retrospective Case Series.

HYPOTHESIS: The natural history of pediatric melanonychia and the necessity of biopsy for ruling out melanoma are debated in the literature. We hypothesize that there is a low rate of malignant nail pathology among pediatric patients undergoing nail bed biopsy for melanonychia. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 54 pediatric patients (age <18 years) at a single institution who presented with melanonychia and underwent nail bed biopsy from 2007 to 2022. Data points collected included patient demographics, medical history, physical exam findings, pathology reports, and clinical photos. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess for risk factors associated with high-risk pathology findings. RESULTS: The average age of melanonychia onset was 5.5 years (SD 4.4). The average age of first biopsy was 7.8 years (SD 4.3). On physical exam, 27 patients had at least four features concerning for melanoma (asymmetry, border irregularity, color heterogeneity, diameter > 1/3 of nail, evolving color, evolving diameter, Hutchinson's sign). The most common pathology diagnoses were melanocytic nevus (35%), atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation (AIMP) with benign features (24%), subungual lentigo (22%), and AIMP with concerning features (17%). There were no cases of melanoma in situ or invasive malignant melanoma. On multivariate regression, the only significant risk factor associated with more concerning pathology (AIMP with concerning features) was the calendar year in which biopsy was performed (coefficient = -0.34, P = 0.016). There was no association between physical exam features and high-risk pathology. Twelve patients had surgical re-excision of the lesion, 6 of which were due to incomplete excision of AIMP with concerning features and 6 of which were due to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Our case series did not find any cases of melanoma in situ or malignant melanoma arising from pediatric melanonychia. Atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation with concerning features was associated only with the year in which the biopsy was performed, which may reflect the improved understanding of pediatric melanonychia as often benign despite concerning features on pathology. The decision to perform a nail matrix biopsy in pediatric melanonychia should be based on a collaborative discussion between the patient's parents, dermatologist, and plastic surgeon.

Nail-preserving excision of glomus tumor in the second toe: Case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: This case report describes the diagnosis of a glomus tumor in the second toe of a 38-year-old female, followed by surgical treatment utilizing a transungual approach to preserve the nail. This study highlights the diagnostic challenges and surgical strategies to treat such tumors while preserving nail integrity. PATIENT CONCERNS: Pain occurred once a week, but over time, it increased, and just before seeking medical attention, she experienced pain more than 5 times a day. The pain worsened when cold water touched her toe. DIAGNOSIS: We observed a slight hump indicating nail plate deformity, and the patient exhibited severe pinpoint tenderness (positive Love test) in the affected area. Color duplex ultrasound was performed for further investigation, revealing a hypervascular hypoechoic nodule measuring 0.5 cm in size at the nail bed of the right second toe. INTERVENTION: The surgery was performed under digital nerve block anesthesia using a modified transungual nail-preserving approach for the excision of the glomus tumor. OUTCOMES: The pain that was reported prior to the surgery has improved postoperatively, and the recovery has been uneventful without any other complication. CONCLUSION: This paper provides a comprehensive examination of a rare glomus tumor in the second toe, elucidating both diagnostic intricacies and treatment modalities. It emphasizes the dual necessity of achieving total tumor excision while also considering aesthetic outcomes. The insights presented herein are intended to serve as valuable guidance for clinicians confronted with similar clinical scenarios, underlining the delicate interplay between effective tumor management and the preservation of cosmetic integrity.

Onychocytic Matricoma: A Clinical, Dermoscopic, and Pathological Analysis of 14 Cases.

ABSTRACT: Onychocytic matricoma (OCM) is a benign neoplasm of the nail matrix. Only 18 cases of this tumor have been reported in the literature to date. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of 14 patients with OCM. The most common clinical feature was longitudinal xanthopachyonychia (n = 9), followed by longitudinal leukopachyonychia (=3) and longitudinal pachymelanonychia (n = 2). The most common clinical findings identified following dermoscopy and analysis at high magnification of classical photographs were free-edge thickening of the nail plate without pitting (n = 14), longitudinal ridging (n = 7), round white clods (n = 7), white dots (n = 7), and filiform hemorrhages (n = 7), followed by oval and linear white clods (n = 5), fuzzy lateral border (n = 5), and red-purple blood clods (n = 3). Nail clipping histopathology showed a thickened nail plate with multiple, small, round-to-oval spaces. The tumor expressed immunopositivity for LEF-1. Dermoscopy of the nail plate and nail clipping histology provides useful information with regards to the differential diagnosis with subungual squamous cell carcinoma and nail melanoma. Ex vivo-in vivo correlation facilitates a better dermoscopic assessment of this unique underrecognized disease. However, the differential diagnosis between OCM and onychocytic carcinoma requires biopsy of the tumor. LEF-1 as an onychogenic marker can be used to resolve the differential diagnosis between OCM and subungual longitudinal acanthoma/seborrheic keratosis.

Outcomes Following Excision of Toe Glomus Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Glomus tumors are uncommon tumors and their occurrence in the foot is even less common. Glomus tumors of the toes are often missed, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment. We report an ambispective observational study of glomus tumors of the toes that were treated at our institution. METHODS: We reviewed the records of all the patients who underwent excision of toe glomus tumors in our department from January 2010 to September 2022. The follow-up data were collected from the outpatient records and by telephonic interview. Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and the Foot Function Index (FFI) were collected. RESULTS: Out of all the patients treated for glomus tumors, we found that 7 patients had glomus tumors of the toes. Of the 7 patients, 6 were women and 1 was a male. The mean follow-up of our patients was 66.4 months (range, 7-109 months). Of the 7 patients, 1 presented with recurrent glomus tumor 30 months following the primary operation, for which she underwent excision again, after which she was symptom free. Another patient who developed recurrent symptoms on telephonic interview refused any further treatment. Among the 6 patients who were symptom-free at follow-up (including the patient who underwent excision for the recurrent tumor), the median SANE score, and FFI were 99.5 (IQR, 96-100) and 0.5 (IQR, 0-2) respectively. The mean FAOS was 96 (SD, 3.3). CONCLUSION: Surgical excision of the subungual toe glomus tumors can be curative. Recurrence of toe glomus tumors was noted in 2 patients (29%), one of whom refused further surgery. Re-excision in the other patient resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, ambispective observational study.

Visión frontal distal de la uña / Frontal Examination of the Distal Nail Unit

Los signos clínicos que acompañan a muchas alteraciones ungueales habitualmente no son patognomónicos de ninguna enfermedad concreta. Por tanto, la exploración del aparato ungueal desde diferentes ángulos de visión es fundamental para realizar un diagnóstico acertado. En el presente artículo se revisan los signos clínicos que pueden obtenerse mediante la exploración frontal del borde distal de la lámina ungueal y el hiponiquio, y se correlacionan con los signos de la exploración aérea. Dicho abordaje permite facilitar el diagnóstico clínico de la enfermedad ungueal en la práctica diaria (AU)

Clinical findings in many nail disorders are not usually pathognomonic. An accurate diagnosis therefore relies on inspection of the nail unit from different angles. We review clinical features of different nail disorders that can be observed during frontal examination of the distal edge of the nail plate and the hyponychium and correlate these with features observed when the nail is viewed from above. Frontal examination of the distal nail unit can help establish a clinical diagnosis in routine practice (AU)

[Translated article] Frontal Examination of the Distal Nail Unit / Visión frontal distal de la uña

Clinical findings in many nail disorders are not usually pathognomonic. An accurate diagnosis therefore relies on inspection of the nail unit from different angles. We review clinical features of different nail disorders that can be observed during frontal examination of the distal edge of the nail plate and the hyponychium and correlate these with features observed when the nail is viewed from above. Frontal examination of the distal nail unit can help establish a clinical diagnosis in routine practice (AU)

Los signos clínicos que acompañan a muchas alteraciones ungueales habitualmente no son patognomónicos de ninguna enfermedad concreta. Por tanto, la exploración del aparato ungueal desde diferentes ángulos de visión es fundamental para realizar un diagnóstico acertado. En el presente artículo se revisan los signos clínicos que pueden obtenerse mediante la exploración frontal del borde distal de la lámina ungueal y el hiponiquio, y se correlacionan con los signos de la exploración aérea. Dicho abordaje permite facilitar el diagnóstico clínico de la enfermedad ungueal en la práctica diaria (AU)

Onychopapilloma: a single medical center experience in Southern Taiwan.

Background: Onychopapilloma is an uncommon benign tumor of the nail bed and the distal matrix. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the clinical and pathological features of onychopapilloma in Taiwan.Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 12 patients with histopathologically proven onychopapilloma in a medical center in southern Taiwan from 2017 to 2023. Results: This case series consisted of 5 men and 7 women aged 29 to 38, with a mean age of 41.25 years. The clinical features were as follows: distal subungual hyperkeratosis (100%), longitudinal erythronychia (50%), longitudinal leukonychia (50 %), distal onycholysis (41%), and distal nail plate fissuring (41%). The duration of the disease varied greatly, ranging from 1 month to several years. Most patients were asymptomatic (58%), while some presented tenderness (41%). Fingernail involvement was more prevalent than toe involvement, with the thumb being the most commonly affected site. Most of the patients presented with a solitary onychopapilloma. None of the seven patients who underwent surgery and were available for follow-up experienced recurrence.Conclusions: This study highlights that longitudinal erythronychia and leukonychia emerged as the predominant clinical presentations of onychopapilloma. Furthermore, our findings suggest that surgical excision appears to be an effective method for onychopapilloma.

En Bloc Excision and Bone Grafting for Monostotic Multiple Intraosseous Glomus Tumors of the Distal Phalanx: A Case Report.

CASE: Glomus tumors of the hand are rare tumors that occur predominantly in the subungual region. Though multicentric glomus tumors have been reported in the subungual region involving the nailbed, monostotic multiple intraosseous glomus tumors have not been reported so far. We report a case of a 36 year-old woman who presented with a 5-year history of intermittent thumb pain, aggravated with exposure to cold or pressure. A glomus tumor of the thumb was excised, but symptoms returned 3 months later. She ultimately underwent curettage with bone grafting of a recurrent glomus tumor at the same site, and has been free of symptoms for 1.5 years. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous glomus tumors may present as multiple synchronous lesions. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first case report of monostotic multiple intraosseous glomus tumors.

[Translated article] Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Subungual Melanoma in 57 Mexican Patients: A 5-Year Cohort Study.

Although subungual melanoma is uncommon, it is associated with worse outcomes than melanomas in other locations and accounts for 1% to 23% of all melanomas, depending on the population. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and histopathologic features of subungual melanoma in a Mexican population. We identified 303 patients with melanoma, and of these, 19% (57 patients with a median age of 71 years) had subungual melanoma. The main sites affected were the lower limbs (52.6%) and the toe (75.4%). The most common histologic subtype was acral lentiginous melanoma (50.9%). Median Breslow thickness was 3 mm, and stage IA tumors were the most common (in 28.1% of patients). Recurrence and metastasis occurred in 19.3% and 8.8% of patients, respectively. The clinical and histopathologic features identified are similar to those described in the literature. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving prognosis.

[Translated article] Frontal Examination of the Distal Nail Unit.

Clinical findings in many nail disorders are not usually pathognomonic. An accurate diagnosis therefore relies on inspection of the nail unit from different angles. We review clinical features of different nail disorders that can be observed during frontal examination of the distal edge of the nail plate and the hyponychium and correlate these with features observed when the nail is viewed from above. Frontal examination of the distal nail unit can help establish a clinical diagnosis in routine practice.

Nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus: Updates on diagnosis and management.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory diseases of the nail, including nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus, are associated with significant disease burden and have a negative impact on quality of life. Diagnosis is often delayed, especially when patients present without cutaneous findings. Therefore, recognizing clinical signs and symptoms of inflammatory nail diseases, and initiating timely and appropriate treatment, is of utmost importance. OBJECTIVE: We review recent studies on diagnostic techniques, discuss severity grading and scoring systems, and describe consensus treatment recommendations for nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus. METHODS: An updated literature review was performed using the PubMed database on studies assessing diagnostic techniques or treatment modalities for nail psoriasis and nail lichen planus. RESULTS: Recent studies on diagnostic techniques for inflammatory nail disease have focused on use of dermoscopy, capillaroscopy, and ultrasound modalities. Treatment of these conditions is dichotomized into involvement of few (≤3) or many (>3) nails. Recent psoriatic therapeutics studied for nail outcomes include brodalumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab, deucravacitinib, and bimekizumab, while emerging treatments for nail lichen planus include JAK inhibitors and intralesional platelet rich plasma injections. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize the need for increased awareness and expanded management strategies for inflammatory nail diseases to improve patient outcomes.

Frontal Examination of the Distal Nail Unit. / Visión frontal distal de la uña.

Clinical findings in many nail disorders are not usually pathognomonic. An accurate diagnosis therefore relies on inspection of the nail unit from different angles. We review clinical features of different nail disorders that can be observed during frontal examination of the distal edge of the nail plate and the hyponychium and correlate these with features observed when the nail is viewed from above. Frontal examination of the distal nail unit can help establish a clinical diagnosis in routine practice.